In vitro antimicrobial and anti-endotoxin action of Zingiber Officinale as auxiliary chemical and medicament combined to calcium hydroxide and chlorhexidine.

OBJECTIVE: This study was conducted in vitro to compare the effectiveness of Zingiber Officinale as an auxiliary chemical substance followed by placement of different intra-canal medication in removing endotoxins and cultivable micro-organisms from infected root canals. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seventy-two root canals were contaminated with Enterococcus faecalis, Candida albicans and Escherichia coli for 28 days. After, the teeth were instrumented using Zingiber Officinale and divided into six groups according to the intra-canal medication: chlorhexidine gel; calcium hydroxide + chlorhexidine gel; glycolic ginger extract; calcium hydroxide + glycolic ginger extract; calcium hydroxide + saline solution and saline solution (control). Sample collections were performed after root canal contamination (Baseline; S1), after instrumentation (S2), 7 days after instrumentation (S3), after 14 days with intra-canal medication (S4) and 7 days after removal of intra-canal medication (S5). The results were analyzed by the Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn tests. RESULTS: It was observed that in S2 and S3 there was significant reduction of the micro-organisms and the quantity of endotoxins after instrumentation. In samples S4 and S5 there was complete elimination of micro-organisms and significant reduction of endotoxins. CONCLUSION: It was concluded that Zingiber Officinale as an auxiliary chemical substance was effective on the micro-organisms tested, yet was unable to eliminate the endotoxins. Similarly, the intra-canal medication were effective on micro-organisms, yet did not completely eliminate the endotoxins.

Different extracts of Zingiber officinale decrease Enterococcus faecalis infection in Galleria mellonella.

Dried, fresh and glycolic extracts of Zingiber officinale were obtained to evaluate the action against G. mellonella survival assay against Enterococcus faecalis infection. Eighty larvae were divided into: 1) E. faecalis suspension (control); 2) E. faecalis + fresh extract of Z. officinale (FEO); 3) E. faecalis + dried extract of Z. officinale (DEO); 4) E. faecalis + glycolic extract of Z. officinale (GEO); 5) Phosphate buffered saline (PBS). For control group, a 5 µL inoculum of standardized suspension (107 cells/mL) of E. faecalis (ATCC 29212) was injected into the last left proleg of each larva. For the treatment groups, after E. faecalis inoculation, the extracts were also injected, but into the last right proleg. The larvae were stored at 37 °C and the number of dead larvae was recorded daily for 168 h (7 days) to analyze the survival curve. The larvae were considered dead when they did not show any movement after touching. E. faecalis infection led to the death of 85% of the larvae after 168 h. Notwithstanding, in treatment groups with association of extracts, there was an increase in the survival rates of 50% (GEO), 61% (FEO) and 66% (DEO) of the larvae. In all treatment groups, the larvae exhibited a survival increase with statistically significant difference in relation to control group (p=0.0029). There were no statistically significant differences among treatment groups with different extracts (p=0.3859). It may be concluded that the tested extracts showed antimicrobial activity against E. faecalis infection by increasing the survival of Galleria mellonella larvae.

Different Extracts of Zingiber officinale Decrease Enterococcus faecalis Infection in Galleria mellonella

Dried, fresh and glycolic extracts of Zingiber officinale were obtained to evaluate the action against G. mellonella survival assay against Enterococcus faecalis infection. Eighty larvae were divided into: 1) E. faecalis suspension (control); 2) E. faecalis + fresh extract of Z. officinale (FEO); 3) E. faecalis + dried extract of Z. officinale (DEO); 4) E. faecalis + glycolic extract of Z. officinale (GEO); 5) Phosphate buffered saline (PBS). For control group, a 5 μL inoculum of standardized suspension (107 cells/mL) of E. faecalis (ATCC 29212) was injected into the last left proleg of each larva. For the treatment groups, after E. faecalis inoculation, the extracts were also injected, but into the last right proleg. The larvae were stored at 37 °C and the number of dead larvae was recorded daily for 168 h (7 days) to analyze the survival curve. The larvae were considered dead when they did not show any movement after touching. E. faecalis infection led to the death of 85% of the larvae after 168 h. Notwithstanding, in treatment groups with association of extracts, there was an increase in the survival rates of 50% (GEO), 61% (FEO) and 66% (DEO) of the larvae. In all treatment groups, the larvae exhibited a survival increase with statistically significant difference in relation to control group (p=0.0029). There were no statistically significant differences among treatment groups with different extracts (p=0.3859). It may be concluded that the tested extracts showed antimicrobial activity against E. faecalis infection by increasing the survival of Galleria mellonella larvae.

Extratos seco, fresco e glicólico de Zingiber officinale foram obtidos para avaliar suas ações por meio de ensaio de sobrevivência em G. mellonella contra infecção por Enterococcus faecalis. Oitenta larvas foram divididas em: 1) Suspensão de E. faecalis (controle); 2) E. faecalis + extrato fresco de Z. officinale (FEO); 3) E. faecalis + extrato seco de Z. officinale (DEO); 4) E. faecalis + extrato glicólico de Z. officinale (GEO); 5) Solução tampão fosfato salina (PBS). Para o grupo de controle, 5 µL de inóculo de suspensão padronizada (107 células/mL) de E. faecalis (ATCC 29212) foi injetado na última proleg esquerda de cada lagarta. Para os grupos com tratamento, após a injeção de E. faecalis, os extratos foram injetados na última proleg direita. Após as injeções, as lagartas foram armazenadas a 37 °C e o número de animais mortos foi registrado diariamente em 168 h (7 dias) para analisar a curva de sobrevivência. As lagartas foram consideradas mortas quando elas não mostraram qualquer movimento após o toque. A infecção por E. faecalis levou à morte de 85% das lagartas após 168 h. Não obstante, nos grupos de tratamento com associação dos extratos, houve um aumento nas taxas de sobrevivência de 50% (GEO), 61% (FEO) e 66% (DEO) das lagartas. Em todos os grupos com tratamento, as lagartas apresentaram um aumento na sobrevivência, com diferença estatisticamente significativa em relação ao grupo controle (p=0,0029). Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os tratamentos com os diferentes extratos (p=0,3859). Pode concluir-se que os extratos testados mostraram atividade antimicrobiana contra a infecção por E. faecalis, aumentando a sobrevivência das lagartas de G. mellonella.

The effect of sodium hypochlorite and ginger extract on microorganisms and endotoxins in endodontic treatment of infected root canals.

This in vitro study sought to evaluate the biomechanical preparation action on microorganisms and endotoxins by using sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and an intracanal medication containing Zingiber officinale, with or without calcium hydroxide. Single-rooted teeth were contaminated, and root canal instrumentation (using 2.5% NaOCl) was performed. Samples were divided into 4 groups, according to the intracanal medication employed. The root canal content was gathered 28 days after contamination (baseline), immediately after biomechanical preparation, 7 days after biomechanical preparation, 14 days after intracanal medication, and 7 days after intracanal medication was removed. The results (submitted to Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn tests) showed that the NaOCl eliminated 100% of root canal microorganisms and reduced 88.8% of endotoxins immediately after biomechanical preparation, and 83.2% at 7 days after biomechanical preparation.

In vitro antimicrobial activity of auxiliary chemical substances and natural extracts on Candida albicans and Enterococcus faecalis in root canals.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of auxiliary chemical substances and natural extracts on Candida albicans and Enterococcus faecalis inoculated in root canals. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Seventy-two human tooth roots were contaminated with C. albicans and E. faecalis for 21 days. The groups were divided according to the auxiliary chemical substance into: G1) 2.5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), G2) 2% chlorhexidine gel (CHX), G3) castor oil, G4) glycolic Aloe vera extract, G5) glycolic ginger extract, and G6) sterile saline (control). The samples of the root canal were collected at different intervals: confirmation collection, at 21 days after contamination; 1st collection, after instrumentation; and 2nd collection, seven days after instrumentation. Microbiological samples were grown in culture medium and incubated at 37°C for 48 hours. RESULTS: The results were submitted to the Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn (5%) statistical tests. NaOCl and CHX completely eliminated the microorganisms of the root canals. Castor oil and ginger significantly reduced the number of CFU of the tested bacteria. Reduction of CFU/mL at the 1st and 2nd collections for groups G1, G2, G3 and G4 was greater in comparison to groups G5 and G6. CONCLUSION: It was concluded that 2.5% sodium hypochlorite and 2% chlorhexidine gel were more effective in eliminating C. albicans and E. faecalis, followed by the castor oil and glycolic ginger extract. The Aloe vera extract showed no antimicrobial activity.

Effect of Zingiber officinale and propolis on microorganisms and endotoxins in root canals.

UNLABELLED: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of glycolic propolis (PRO) and ginger (GIN) extracts, calcium hydroxide (CH), chlorhexidine (CLX) gel and their combinations as ICMs (ICMs) against Candida albicans, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli and endotoxins in root canals. MATERIAL AND METHODS: After 28 days of contamination with microorganisms, the canals were instrumented and then divided according to the ICM: CH+saline; CLX, CH+CLX, PRO, PRO+CH; GIN; GIN+CH; saline. The antimicrobial activity and quantification of endotoxins by the chromogenic test of Limulus amebocyte lysate were evaluated after contamination and instrumentation at 14 days of ICM application and 7 days after ICM removal. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: After analysis of results and application of the Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn statistical tests at 5% significance level, it was concluded that all ICMs were able to eliminate the microorganisms in the root canals and reduce their amount of endotoxins; however, CH was more effective in neutralizing endotoxins and less effective against C. albicans and E. faecalis, requiring the use of medication combinations to obtain higher success.

In vitro antimicrobial activity of auxiliary chemical substances and natural extracts on Candida albicans and Enterococcus faecalis in root canals

ABSTRACT Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of auxiliary chemical substances and natural extracts on Candida albicans and Enterococcus faecalis inoculated in root canals. Material and Methods: Seventy-two human tooth roots were contaminated with C. albicans and E. faecalis for 21 days. The groups were divided according to the auxiliary chemical substance into: G1) 2.5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), G2) 2% chlorhexidine gel (CHX), G3) castor oil, G4) glycolic Aloe vera extract, G5) glycolic ginger extract, and G6) sterile saline (control). The samples of the root canal were collected at different intervals: confirmation collection, at 21 days after contamination; 1st collection, after instrumentation; and 2nd collection, seven days after instrumentation. Microbiological samples were grown in culture medium and incubated at 37°C for 48 hours. Results: The results were submitted to the Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn (5%) statistical tests. NaOCl and CHX completely eliminated the microorganisms of the root canals. Castor oil and ginger significantly reduced the number of CFU of the tested bacteria. Reduction of CFU/mL at the 1st and 2nd collections for groups G1, G2, G3 and G4 was greater in comparison to groups G5 and G6. Conclusion: It was concluded that 2.5% sodium hypochlorite and 2% chlorhexidine gel were more effective in eliminating C. albicans and E. faecalis, followed by the castor oil and glycolic ginger extract. The Aloe vera extract showed no antimicrobial activity. .

Effect of Zingiber officinale and propolis on microorganisms and endotoxins in root canals

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of glycolic propolis (PRO) and ginger (GIN) extracts, calcium hydroxide (CH), chlorhexidine (CLX) gel and their combinations as ICMs (ICMs) against Candida albicans,Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli and endotoxins in root canals. Material and Methods: After 28 days of contamination with microorganisms, the canals were instrumented and then divided according to the ICM: CH+saline; CLX, CH+CLX, PRO, PRO+CH; GIN; GIN+CH; saline. The antimicrobial activity and quantification of endotoxins by the chromogenic test of Limulus amebocyte lysate were evaluated after contamination and instrumentation at 14 days of ICM application and 7 days after ICM removal. Results and Conclusion: After analysis of results and application of the Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn statistical tests at 5% significance level, it was concluded that all ICMs were able to eliminate the microorganisms in the root canals and reduce their amount of endotoxins; however, CH was more effective in neutralizing endotoxins and less effective against C. albicans and E. faecalis, requiring the use of medication combinations to obtain higher success.

In vitro antimicrobial activity of AH Plus, EndoREZ and Epiphany against microorganisms.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of endodontic sealers against microorganisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The agar diffusion method was used. A double base layer of Mueller Hinton agar was done. The microorganisms used were: Candida albicans, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The wells were obtained by removing a standardized portion of the agar. After the distribution of the sealers, Petri plates were incubated for 24 h. Inhibition halos formed around the wells were measured. RESULTS: Epiphany did not show any antimicrobial activity on the tested microorganisms (without inhibition halo). The AH Plus showed the greatest inhibition halo on C. albicans followed by EndoREZ on S. aureus. EndoREZ also showed greater inhibition halo in comparison to AH Plus on E. faecalis and E. coli. CONCLUSION: It could be concluded that AH Plus and EndoREZ showed antimicrobial activity against all the tested microorganisms. No antimicrobial activity was observed for Epiphany.

Effectiveness of castor oil extract on Escherichia coli and its endotoxins in root canals.

This in vitro study sought to evaluate the effectiveness of castor oil extract used as an irrigating solution on Escherichia coli and its endotoxins in root canals. Sixty single-rooted teeth were prepared (using castor oil extract as irrigating solution) and divided into five groups (n = 12): Group 1 samples were treated with calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2), Group 2 samples were treated with polymyxin B, Group 3 samples were treated with Ca(OH)2 and 2% chlorhexidine gel (CHX), and Group 4 samples were treated with castor oil extract. A control group used physiological saline solution as an irrigant. Canal content samples were collected at four different times: immediately after instrumentation, seven days after instrumentation, after 14 days of intracanal medication, and seven days after removal of intracanal medication. A plating method was used to assess antimicrobial activity and the quantification of endotoxins was evaluated by the chromogenic Limulus lysate assay. Data were submitted to ANOVA and a Dunn test (a = 5%). Irrigation with castor oil extract decreased E. coli counts but had no effect on the level of endotoxins. Samples taken seven days after removal of medication revealed a significant reduction in endotoxin levels in Groups 3 and 4. Compared to the saline solution irrigation, castor oil extract decreased microorganism counts in root canals immediately after canal preparation. None of the medications used completely eliminated endotoxins in the root canal.

In vitro evaluation of the action of irrigating solutions associated with intracanal medications on Escherichia coli and its endotoxin in root canals.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of auxiliary chemical substances and intracanal medications on Escherichia coli and its endotoxin in root canals. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Teeth were contaminated with a suspension of E. coli for 14 days and divided into 3 groups according to the auxiliary chemical substance used: G1) 2.5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl); G2) 2% chlorhexidine gel (CLX); G3) pyrogen-free solution. After, these groups were subdivided according to the intracanal medication (ICM): A) Calcium hydroxide paste (Calen®), B) polymyxin B, and C) Calcium hydroxide paste+2% CLX gel. For the control group (G4), pyrogen-free saline solution was used without application of intracanal medication. Samples of the root canal content were collected immediately after biomechanical preparation (BMP), at 7 days after BMP, after 14 days of intracanal medication activity, and 7 days after removal of intracanal medication. The following aspects were evaluated for all collections: a) antimicrobial activity; b) quantification of endotoxin by the Limulus Amebocyte Lysate test (LAL). Results were analyzed by the Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn's tests at 5% significance level. RESULTS: The 2.5% NaOCl and CLX were able to eliminate E. coli from root canal lumen and reduced the amount of endotoxin compared to saline. CONCLUSIONS: It was concluded that 2.5% NaOCl and CLX were effective in eliminating E. coli. Only the studied intracanal medications were to reduce the amount of endotoxin present in the root canals, regardless of the irrigant used.

In vitro evaluation of the action of irrigating solutions associated with intracanal medications on Escherichia coli and its endotoxin in root canals

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effcacy of auxiliary chemical substances and intracanal medications on Escherichia coli and its endotoxin in root canals. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Teeth were contaminated with a suspension of E. coli for 14 days and divided into 3 groups according to the auxiliary chemical substance used: G1) 2.5 percent sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl); G2) 2 percent chlorhexidine gel (CLX); G3) pyrogenfree solution. After, these groups were subdivided according to the intracanal medication (ICM): A) Calcium hydroxide paste (Calen®), B) polymyxin B, and C) Calcium hydroxide paste+2 percent CLX gel. For the control group (G4), pyrogen-free saline solution was used without application of intracanal medication. Samples of the root canal content were collected immediately after biomechanical preparation (BMP), at 7 days after BMP, after 14 days of intracanal medication activity, and 7 days after removal of intracanal medication. The following aspects were evaluated for all collections: a) antimicrobial activity; b) quantifcation of endotoxin by the Limulus Amebocyte Lysate test (LAL). Results were analyzed by the Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn's tests at 5 percent signifcance level. RESULTS: The 2.5 percent NaOCl and CLX were able to eliminate E. coli from root canal lumen and reduced the amount of endotoxin compared to saline. CONCLUSIONS: It was concluded that 2.5 percent NaOCl and CLX were effective in eliminating E. coli. Only the studied intracanal medications were to reduce the amount of endotoxin present in the root canals, regardless of the irrigant used.

Evaluation of dentin cleansing by a detergent derived from castor oil (Ricinus communis) used as root canal irrigant: a scanning electron miscroscopy study

Introduction and objective: To evaluate, by scanning electronmicroscopy (SEM), the cleaning of root canal walls after biomechanicalpreparation and irrigation with castor oil (Endoquil®) and 0.5% sodiumhypochlorite (NaOCl). Material and methods: Fifteen maxillaryincisors were subjected to standardized root canal instrumentationwith different irrigants (n = 5): G1 ? Endoquil; G2 ? 0.5% NaOCl;G3 ? saline solution (control). After instrumentation, the teeth wereprepared for SEM analysis (X 2000 original magnification) to evaluatethe cleaning of cervical, middle and apical thirds. The area analyzedwas quantified according to the percentage of open and closed tubulesand data were statistically analyzed by ANOVA and Kruskal Wallis tests.Results: Statistical analysis showed that Endoquil was similar to 0.5%NaOCl at the apical third. However, there was statistically significantdifference at the cervical and middle thirds, between these two groups.Conclusion: It was concluded that Endoquil presented better resultsat the middle third while 0.5% NaOCl presented better results at thecervical third; at the apical third, both irrigants were similar.

Action of propolis and medications against Escherichia coli and endotoxin in root canals.

This study evaluated the action of propolis and intracanal medications against Escherichia coli and endotoxin. Forty-eight dental roots were contaminated with E. coli. The root canals were instrumented with propolis and divided into groups according to the type of intracanal medication: Ca(OH)(2), polymyxin B, or Ca(OH)(2) + 2% chlorhexidine gel. In the control group, saline solution was used without application of intracanal medication. Counts of colony-forming units were carried out and the endotoxin was quantified by the chromogenic Limulus amobocyte lysate assay. The results were evaluated by analysis of variance and the Dunn test (5%). Root canal irrigation with propolis was effective to completely eliminate E. coli and reduce the amount of endotoxins. All intracanal medications contributed to the significant decrease in endotoxins. Only intracanal medications may reduce the amount of endotoxins in the root canals. The greatest efficacy was observed for medications containing Ca(OH)(2).

Atividade antimicrobiana de enxaguatórios bucais sem álcool à base de clorexidina sobre Candida albicans / Antimicrobial activity of alcohol-free chlorhexidine mouthwashes on Candida albicans

A proposta deste estudo foi avaliar a atividade antimicrobiana de enxaguatórios bucais, à base de clorexidina, sem álcool na sua composição, sobre Candida albicans. Foram avaliados vinte isolados clínicos de C. albicans e uma cepa de referência (ATCC 18804) frente a dois enxaguatórios à base de digluconato de clorexidina 0,12% e sem etanol ("Ca" e "Or"), em comparação ao enxaguatório de gluconato de clorexidina com etanol (controle positivo). A máxima diluição inibitória (MDI) e a máxima diluição fungicida (MDF) foram determinadas pelo método de microdiluição. Foram realizadas 12 diluições seriadas dos produtos (de 50 a 0,02%) em duplicata. Em seguida, foram acrescentados 100 µL da suspensão de C. albicans (106 células.mL-1) nos poços das placas. Após incubação (37 °C/24 horas), a MDI foi determinada por meio da leitura das densidades ópticas. Para determinar a MDF, foram realizadas semeaduras do conteúdo dos poços em ágar Sabouraud. Não houve diferenças estatísticas entre os grupos Or e controle para a MDI, mas o grupo Ca mostrou uma MDI estatisticamente maior (Kruskal-Wallis, p = 0,0012). Já para MDF, não houve diferenças estatísticas entre os grupos Ca e controle (Teste de Mann-Whitney, p = 0,1631). Pode-se concluir que o grupo Ca apresentou atividade fungicida sobre C. albicans semelhante ao controle, mas menor ação fungistática em comparação ao controle, enquanto que o Or apresentou apenas ação fungistática semelhante ao controle sobre os isolados avaliados.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of alcohol-free mouthwashes on Candida albicans. Twenty clinical isolates of C. albicans and one reference strain (ATCC 18804) were evaluated after exposure to two 0.12% chlorhexidine-based and alcohol-free ("Ca" and "Or") in comparison to gluconate chlorhexidine with ethanol (positive control). The maximum inhibitory dilution (MID) and maximum fugal dilution (MFD) were determined by the microdilution method. Twelve serial dilutions (from 50 to 0.02%) were prepared in duplicate. Then, 100 µL of C. albicans suspension (106 cells.mL-1) were added to the wells. After incubation (37 °C/24 hours), MID was determined by reading the optical density. For MFD determination, the content of the wells were plated on Saouraud agar. For MID, there were no differences between groups Or and control, but Ca group showed a MID statistically higher (Kruskal-Wallis, p = 0.0012). For MFD, there were no differences between Ca and control (Mann-Whitney test, p = 0.1631). It can be concluded that Ca group showed a fungicid activity against C. albicans similar to the control, but lower fungistatic activity when compared to the control. Group Or showed only a fungistatic action similar to control.

Avaliação dos extratos de própolis e de gengibre como medicação intracanal sobre microrganismos e endotoxinas em canais radiculares / Evaluation of propolis and ginger extracts used as intracanal medications on microorganisms and endotoxins in root canals

A proposta deste trabalho foi avaliar a efetividade dos extratos glicólicos de própolis e de gengibre, hidróxido de cálcio, clorexidina gel e associações como medicação intracanal (MIC) sobre Candida albicans,Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli e endotoxinas em canais radiculares. Foram utilizadas 96 raízes de dentes unirradiculados que tiveram seus canais contaminados com suspensões dos microrganismos por 28 dias. Após a coleta de confirmação, os canais foram instrumentados com solução salina e divididas de acordo com a medicação intracanal utilizada: hidróxido de cálcio [Ca(OH)2] + solução salina; clorexidina gel 2% (CLX); Ca(OH)2 + CLX; própolis (PRO); PRO +Ca(OH)2; gengibre (GENG); GENG + Ca(OH)2; solução salina. Foram realizadas as seguintes coletas do conteúdo do canal radicular: coleta de confirmação (após 28 dias de contaminação), 1a coleta (imediatamente após a instrumentação), 2ª coleta (imediatamente após 14 dias da ação da MIC), 3ª coleta (7 dias após remoção da MIC). Para todas as coletas foram avaliadas: a) atividade antimicrobiana; b) quantificação de endotoxinas pelo teste cromogênico do lisado de amebócitos de Limulus.Os resultados foram submetidos aos testes estatísticos Kruskal-Wallis eDunn (5%). Verificou-se que todas as MIC foram capazes de eliminar os microrganismos dos canais radiculares, entretanto, o Ca(OH)2 não foi capaz de eliminar completamente C. albicans e E. faecalis. Verificou-seque as MIC contendo Ca(OH)2 foram capazes de diminuir significativamente as endotoxinas dos canais radiculares, sendo semelhantes entre si e diferentes do grupo salina. As medicações CLX,PRO, GENG e salina foram semelhantes entre si. Conclui-se que todas as MIC foram capazes de eliminar os microrganismos do canal radicular e reduzir a quantidade de endotoxinas dos canais radiculares, entretanto,as MIC à base de hidróxido de cálcio foram mais eficazes na neutralização de endotoxinas.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of glycolic propolis and ginger extracts, calcium hydroxide, chlorhexidine gel and associations as intracanal medication (ICM) on Candida albicans,Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli and endotoxins in root canals.Ninety-six roots of single-rooted teeth were contaminated with suspensions of the microorganisms for 28 days. After the confirmation collection, the canals were instrumented with saline and divided according to the intracanal medication used: calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2] + saline;2% chlorhexidine gel (CLX); Ca(OH)2 + CLX; propolis (PRO); PRO +Ca(OH)2; ginger (GENG); GENG + Ca(OH)2; saline. Samples of the root canal content were performed in the following periods: confirmation collection (after 28 days of contamination), 1st collection (immediately after instrumentation), 2nd collection (immediately after 14 days of the action ofICM), 3rd collection (7 days after removal of the ICM). All samples were analyzed according to the following parameters: a) antimicrobial activity, b)quantification of endotoxins by the chromogenic Limulus amoebocytelysate assay. The results were statistically analyzed by the Kruskal-Wallisand Dunn tests (5%). It was verified that all ICM were able to eliminate the microorganisms from the root canals; however, the Ca(OH)2 was not ableto completely eliminate C. albicans and E. faecalis. It was verified that ICM containing Ca(OH)2 were able to significantly decrease endotoxins from the root canals, being similar to each other and to the saline group. The medications CLX, PRO, GENG and saline were similar to each other. It was concluded that all ICM were able to eliminate the microorganisms from the root canal and reduce the amount of endotoxins from the root canals. However, the ICM containing calcium hydroxide were more effective in neutralizing endotoxins.

Antimicrobial activity of sodium hypochlorite associated with intracanal medication for Candida albicans and Enterococcus faecalis inoculated in root canals.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the action of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) associated with an intracanal medication against Candida albicans and Enterococcus faecalis inoculated in root canals. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Thirty-six human single-rooted teeth with single root canals were used. The canals were contaminated with C. albicans and E. faecalis for 21 days and were then instrumented with 1% NaOCl. The roots were divided into 3 groups (n=12) according to the intracanal medication applied: calcium hydroxide paste, 2% chlorhexidine (CHX) gel, and 2% CHX gel associated with calcium hydroxide. The following collections were made from the root canals: a) initial sample (IS): 21 days after contamination (control), b) S1: after instrumentation, c) S2: 14 days after intracanal medication placement; S3: 7 days after intracanal medication removal. The results were analyzed statistically by the Kruskal-Wallis test at 5% significance level. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Both 1% NaOCl irrigation and the intracanal medications were effective in eliminating E. faecalis and C. albicans inoculated in root canals.

Antimicrobial activity of sodium hypochlorite associated with intracanal medication for Candida albicans and Enterococcus faecalis inoculated in root canals

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the action of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) associated with an intracanal medication against Candida albicans and Enterococcus faecalis inoculated in root canals. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Thirty-six human single-rooted teeth with single root canals were used. The canals were contaminated with C. albicans and E. faecalis for 21 days and were then instrumented with 1 percent NaOCl. The roots were divided into 3 groups (n=12) according to the intracanal medication applied: calcium hydroxide paste, 2 percent chlorhexidine (CHX) gel, and 2 percent CHX gel associated with calcium hydroxide. The following collections were made from the root canals: a) initial sample (IS): 21 days after contamination (control), b) S1: after instrumentation, c) S2: 14 days after intracanal medication placement; S3: 7 days after intracanal medication removal. The results were analyzed statistically by the Kruskal-Wallis test at 5 percent significance level. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Both 1 percent NaOCl irrigation and the intracanal medications were effective in eliminating E. faecalis and C. albicans inoculated in root canals.

Avaliação da solução de clorexidina 2 e medicamentos sobre Escherichiacoli e sua endotoxina em canais radiculares / Evaluation of 2 chlorhexidine solution and medicaments on Escherichia coli and endotoxins in root canals

A proposta deste estudo foi avaliar a efetividade da solução de clorexidina 2% e medicações intracanais sobre Eschericha coli e endotoxina em canais radiculares. Os canais radiculares de 48 dentes unirradiculados foram contaminados com E. coli por 14 dias, instrumentados com solução de clorexidina 2% e divididos em 3 grupos de acordo com a medicação intracanal (MIC) utilizada: pasta de Ca(OH)2, polimixina B, Ca(OH)2 + clorexidina gel 2% (CLX). No grupo controle foi utilizada somente solução fisiológica. Foram realizadas coletas do conteúdo do canal radicular imediatamente após a instrumentação (S1), após 7 dias da instrumentação (S2), imediatamente após 14 dias da ação da MIC (S3) e 7 dias após remoção da MIC (S4). Para todas as coletas foram realizados os seguintes testes: a) análise microbiológica; b)quantificação de endotoxina pelo teste cromogênico do lisado de amebócitos do Limulus. Os resultados foram analisados pelo teste de ANOVA e Dunn (5%). Na amostra S2 a sol. CLX 2% apresentou melhores resultados em relação à solução fisiológica. Na amostra S3 houve diferença estatística do Ca(OH)2 + CLX em relação ao Ca(OH)2 e polimixina B. Na amostra S4 não houve diferenças estatísticas significantes entre os grupos. Conclui-se que somente as medicações intracanais são capazes de diminuir significativamente a quantidade de endotoxinas.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the 2% chlorhexidine solution and medications on Eschericha coli and endotoxin in root canals. The root canals of 48 single-rooted teeth were contaminated with E. coli for 14 days, instrumented with 2% chlorhexidine solution and divided into 3 groups according to the intracanal medication (ICM) used: Ca(OH)2 paste, polymyxin B (PB), Ca(OH)2 + 2% chlorhexidine gel (CLX). The control group it was only used physiological solution. Samples of the root canal content were collected immediately after PBM (S1), at 7 days after PBM(S2), immediately after 14 days of ICM activity (S3), and 7 days after removal of ICM (S4). The following aspects wereevaluated for all collections: a) antimicrobial activity; b) quantification of endotoxin by the Limulus amebocyte lysate Test. The results were analyzed by ANOVA and Dunn (5%) statistical tests. In the S2 sample the 2% CLX presented better resulted in relation to the physiological solution. In the S3 sample the Ca(OH)2 was statistically different from Ca(OH)2 and polymyxin B. In the S4 sample it did not have significant statistical differences between the groups. It was conclude that only the intracanals medications are capable to reduce the amount of endotoxins significantly.

Avaliação da variação da temperatura intrapulpar após o uso de agentes clareadores e ativação por fontes de luz / Evaluation of the variation of intrapulpal temperature after the use of bleaching agents and activation by light sources

Introdução e objetivo: Buscou-se avaliar in vitro o grau de aquecimento promovido no interior da câmara pulpar após o uso de diferentes agentes clareadores, com ou sem ativação por fontes de luz. Material e métodos: Foram utilizados 60 dentes incisivos bovinos, que receberam acesso ao canal radicular pela face lingual, com a parede vestibular padronizada em 2 mm. Os espécimes foram divididos em 6 grupos (n = 10), de acordo com o agente clareador e a fonte de ativação utilizada: G1 - ausência de agente clareador e aplicação de luz halógena; G2 - ausência de agente clareador e aplicação de LED; G3 - aplicação do agente clareador Whiteness HP Maxx (peróxido de hidrogênio 35%) e ativação com luz halógena; G4 - aplicação do agente clareador Whiteness HP Maxx (peróxido de hidrogênio 35%) e ativação com LED; G5 - aplicação do agente clareador Opalescence Xtra Boost (peróxido de hidrogênio 38%) e ativação com fotopolimerizador; G6 - aplicação do agente clareador Opalescence Xtra Boost (peróxido de hidrogênio 38%) e ativação com LED. A variação da temperatura na câmara pulpar foi mensurada com um aparelho termopar. Resultados: Os valores de temperatura foram medidos pelo aparelho durante 10 minutos, com alguns intervalos selecionados: t1 - temperatura inicial; t2 - após 25 segundos de aplicação do gel e 20 segundos de ativação; t3 - após 10 minutos. Os valores obtidos foram registrados pela máquina no software, e os dados foram submetidos à análise estatística pelo teste Anova. Verificou-se que o aumento da temperatura não foi significante em todos os grupos testados. Conclusão: Não foram encontradas diferenças estatisticamente significantes entre os grupos com e sem ativação por fontes de luz ou entre os diferentes clareadores.

Introduction and objective: To evaluate in vitro the degree of warming promoted within the pulp chamber, after the use of bleaching agents, with or without activation by light sources. Material and methods: Sixty bovine teeth were used, which had received access to the root canal by the side lingual, with the wall vestibular standardized at 2 mm. The specimens were divided into 6 groups (n = 10), according to the bleaching agent and the source of activation used: G1 - absence of bleaching agent and application of halogen light; G2 - absence of bleaching agent and application of LED; G3 - application of the Whiteness HP Maxx (35% hydrogen peroxide) and activation with halogen light; G4 - application of Whiteness HP Maxx (35% hydrogen peroxide) and activation with LED; G5 - application of the Opalescence Xtra Boost (38% hydrogen peroxide) and activation with photopolymerizer; G6 - application of the Opalescence Xtra Boost (38% hydrogen peroxide) and activation with LED. The change of temperature in the pulp chamber was measured using a Termopar apparatus. Results: The values of temperature were measured by the device during an interval of 10 minutes, with some selected intervals: t1 - initial temperature; t2 - after 25 seconds of application of the gel and 20 seconds of activation; t3 - after 10 minutes. The values were registered by the machine in the software and the data were subjected to statistical analysis using the Anova test. Conclusion: There were no statistically significant differences between groups with and without activation or between different bleaching.